• CollapseSo. Appalachian
    • ExpandThe Landscape
      • Expand The Physical Landscape
        • Expand The Biological Landscape
          • Expand The Cultural Landscape
          • CollapseResource Management
            • ExpandTimber
              • Acorn Maturity Indices
                • Expand The Timber Industry
                  • Managing the Timber Resource: An Overview
                    • Expand Silvics of Major Species
                      • Expand Silviculture of Oak Stands
                        • Expand Silviculture of Yellow-Poplar Stands
                          • Expand The Silviculture of Degraded Hardwood Stands
                            • Expand Timber Harvesting and Roads
                            • CollapseTerrestrial Wildlife
                              • Why are Wildlife and Wildlife Management Valued?
                              • ExpandWildlife Management
                                • Wildlife Management Agencies in the Southern Appalachians
                                  • People Management
                                    • Species-Specific Management
                                    • ExpandImperiled Species
                                      • Imperiled Birds
                                        • Imperiled Mammals
                                          • Imperiled Reptiles and Amphibians
                                          • ExpandThe Land Manager's Guide to the Birds of the South
                                            • Ducks and Ducklike Birds
                                              • Wading Birds
                                                • Fowl-Like Birds
                                                  • Birds of Prey
                                                    • Nonpasserine Land Birds
                                                      • Passerine (Perching) Birds
                                                      • CollapseThe Land Manager's Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the South
                                                        • ExpandAmphibians (Class Amphibia)
                                                          • Expand Frogs and Toads -- Anurans (Order Anura)
                                                            • Expand Salamanders (Order Caudata)
                                                            • CollapseReptiles (Class Reptilia)
                                                              • ExpandLizards (Order Squatmata; Suborder Lacertilia)
                                                                • Expand Anoles, Fence, Collared, and Horned Lizards (Iguanidae)
                                                                  • Expand Whiptails (Teiidae)
                                                                    • Expand Skinks (Scincidae)
                                                                      • Expand Glass Lizards (Anguidae)
                                                                      • ExpandSnakes (Order Squamata; Suborder Serpentes)
                                                                        • Expand Nonvenomous Snakes (Colubridae)
                                                                          • Coral Snakes (Elapidae)
                                                                            • Expand Pit Vipers (Viperidae; Subfamily Crotalinae)
                                                                            • CollapseTurtles (Order Testudines)
                                                                              • Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)
                                                                              • ExpandSnapping Turtles (Chelydridae)
                                                                                • Common Snapping Turtle
                                                                                • Water and Box Turtles (Emydidae)
                                                                                • Mud and Musk Turtles (Kinosternonidae)
                                                                                • Tortoises (Testudinidae)
                                                                                • CollapseSoftshell Turtles (Trionychidae)
                                                                                  • Spiny Softshell
                                                                          • The Land Manager's Guide to the Mammals of the South
                                                                        • ExpandAquatic Resource Management
                                                                          • Expand Water Supply, Usage, and Flow Regulation
                                                                            • Expand Water Quality
                                                                              • Expand Conservation of Aquatic Biodiversity
                                                                                • Expand Riparian Zone Management for Protection of Aquatic Resources
                                                                                  • Expand Aquatic-Based Recreation
                                                                                  • Recreation
                                                                                  • ExpandNontimber Forest Products
                                                                                    • Expand Product Categories & Product Summaries
                                                                                      • Historical Perspective
                                                                                        • Expand Market Overview
                                                                                          • Expand National and Regional Policies
                                                                                            • Expand Issues that Affect Sustainability
                                                                                              • NTFP References
                                                                                              • ExpandIntrinsic Ecosystem Values
                                                                                                • Expand Old-Growth
                                                                                                  • Expand Wilderness and Roadless Areas
                                                                                                    • Expand Biodiversity
                                                                                                      • Expand Aesthetics
                                                                                                      • ExpandManagement Tools
                                                                                                        • Expand Site Quality Evaluation and Classification
                                                                                                          • Expand Knowledge Management
                                                                                                            • Expand Mathematical Models
                                                                                                              • Expand Decision Support
                                                                                                            • ExpandEcology
                                                                                                              • Expand Disturbance and Succession
                                                                                                                • Biogeochemical Cycling
                                                                                                                  • Expand Aquatic Ecology
                                                                                                                    • Expand Species Ecology
                                                                                                                    • ExpandForest Health
                                                                                                                      • Expand Forest Insects
                                                                                                                        • Expand Nonnative Invasive Species
                                                                                                                          • Expand Air Quality
                                                                                                                          • ExpandSocial Science
                                                                                                                            • Test Page
                                                                                                                              • Play Page2
                                                                                                                            • ExpandEnvironmental Threats
                                                                                                                              • ExpandLand
                                                                                                                                • ExpandAir & Water
                                                                                                                                  • ExpandFire
                                                                                                                                    • ExpandPests/Biota
                                                                                                                                      • ExpandCase Studies
                                                                                                                                        • ExpandAbout Us
                                                                                                                                        • So. Pine Beetle
                                                                                                                                        • CollapseSo. Fire Science
                                                                                                                                          • CollapseFire Behavior
                                                                                                                                            • Overview
                                                                                                                                            • ExpandFuels
                                                                                                                                              • Expand Fuel Categories
                                                                                                                                                • Expand Physical Fuel Properties
                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Chemical Fuel Properties
                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Fuel Moisture
                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Fuel Availability and Consumption
                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Flammability of Southern Plant Species
                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandFire Weather
                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Temperature
                                                                                                                                                            • Sources of Weather Information for Prescribed Burns
                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Atmospheric Moisture
                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Atmospheric Stability
                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand General Winds
                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Convective Winds
                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Air Masses and Fronts
                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Clouds and Precipitation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Thunderstorms
                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Fire Climate Regions Index
                                                                                                                                                                            • CollapseFire Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandCombustion and Heat Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand The Fire Triangle and Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Phases of Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Heat Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Fire Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                      • CollapseFire Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Ground Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Surface Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Crown Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spotting
                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandFire Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire Shape
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Rate of Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandExtreme Fire Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Fire Whirls
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Fires and Plumes
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Haines Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandFlame Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Flame Height
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flame Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Flame Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Flame Angle or Tilt
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Bark Char Height
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandFire Behavior Prediction Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Limitations of Fire Behavior Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • BEHAVE Plus Fire Modeling System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FARSITE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Fuel Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandFire Danger Rating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • History of the National Fire Danger Rating System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • CollapseFire Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • CollapseAir Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandAir Quality Regulations and Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • National Ambient Air Quality Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Visibility, Regional Haze, and the Clean Air Act
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand EPA Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Hazardous Air Pollutants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandMagnitude of Fire Contributions to Air Quality Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Smoke from Wildland Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Smoke from Prescribed Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • CollapseCharacterization of Emissions from Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Components of Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Predicting Fire Emissions: Area Burned
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Predicting Fire Emissions: Preburn Fuel Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Predicting Fire Emissions: Fire Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Predicting Fire Emissions: Combustion Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Predicting Fire Emissions: Fuel Consumption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Predicting Fire Emissions: Emission Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Total Emissions, Source Strength, and Heat Release Rate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandTransport, Dispersion, and Modeling of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • The Role of Heat Release in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Model Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • The Role of Plume Rise and Buoyancy in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • The Role of Advection and Diffusion in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • The Role of Scavenging in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • The Role of Chemical Transformations in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Plume Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Puff Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Particle Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Grid Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandAtmospheric and Plume Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Ozone Formation in Plumes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Factors Affecting Plume Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Emission Factors for Reactive Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Particle Formation in Plumes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandEstimating the Air Quality Impacts of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Emission Inventories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Air Quality Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Source Apportionment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandSmoke Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Health Effects of Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Welfare Effects of Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Economic and Social Consequences of Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Smoke and Highway Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandResearch and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Established Research Framework
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Emerging Research Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandWater Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Fire Effects on Stream Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire Effects on Stream Sediments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire Effects on Watershed Hydrology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Thermal Effects of Fire on Streams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire and Riparian Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire and Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandSoil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Soil Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Soil Physical Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Soil Organic Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Soil Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Soil Biota
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Soil Erosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Management Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandPlants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Fire Autecology of Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandAnimals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Effects on Fauna- Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Fire Effects on Invertebrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Fire Effects on Aquatic Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire and Fauna: Management and Research Implications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Direct Effects of Fire and Immediate Animal Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Fire Effects on Animal Populations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Effects on Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Effects on Fauna at Landscape Scales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Fire Effects on Wildlife Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Fire Effects on Birds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Fire Effects on Mammals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Fire Effects on Reptiles and Amphibians
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandFire Severity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Residence Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Depth of Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Crown Scorch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Composite Burn Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • CollapseFire & People
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandHuman Health Impacts of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Hazard Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire, Human Health, and Air Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Exposure Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Dose-Response Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Risk Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Limitations of Research on Health Effects of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Recreation and Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandEconomic Impacts of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Incentives for wildfire risk management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandFire in the Wildland Urban Interface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Special Issues in Wildland Urban Interface Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Mitigating Fire Hazard in the Wildland Urban Interface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Management Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandFire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Federal Fire Agency Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • State Fire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Interagency Fire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Non-Governmental Fire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Effects of Fire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Obstacles to Implementing Fire Education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • PowerPoint Presentations from the Wildland/Urban Interface Prevention Exchange workshop that was held in Birmingham, Alabama in May 2003
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandA History of People and Fire in the South
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Overview of the Fire History Section
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Human Use of Fire in Prehistory (12,500 BP to AD 1540s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Human Use of Fire in History (1540s to 1900s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Ethnohistorical Descriptions of Indian Burning Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • The Period of Fire Suppression and Other Fire Regimes (1890s to 1980s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire Management (1940s to Present)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Research Issues in History of Fire and People
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • CollapseKnowledge and Attitudes about Fire Among Southerners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • The Meaning of Knowledge and Attitudes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Tools to Help Managers Understand Public Knowledge and Attitudes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Barriers to Public Support of Fuel Reduction Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Factors Affecting Southerners’ Knowledge and Attitudes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • The Link between Attitudes about Fire and Environmental Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Southerners’ Attitudes About Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Southerners’ Attitudes about Wildfire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Southerners’ Attitudes about Creating Defensible Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Tourism and Perceptions of Fire in the South
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandThe Aesthetics of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • The Meaning of Aesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National Legislation Related to the Aesthetics of American Landscapes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Planning Tools for Managing Landscape Aesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Using Fire to Manage Aesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire, Aesthetics, and Recreation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • CollapsePrescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandUses of Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Silvicultural Objectives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Hazardous Fuel Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Ecological Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Manage Fire-dependent Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Control Insects And Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Improve Wildlife Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Range Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Enhance Appearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Improve Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandWeather and Fuel Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Wind Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Relative Humidity Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Temperature Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Rainfall and Soil Moisture Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Airmass Stability and Atmospheric Dispersion Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fine-Fuel Moisture Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Topographical Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Sources of Weather Information
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandFiring Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Backing Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Strip-Heading Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Flanking Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Point Source Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Aerial Ignition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Center and Circular (Ring) Firing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Pile and Windrow Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • CollapsePlanning and Conducting Prescribed Burns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandPlanning a Prescribed Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • The Written Burn Plan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Preparing for a Prescribed Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Executing a Prescribed Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Evaluating a Prescribed Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Prescribed Burning Rules of Thumb
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Red Flag Situations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandState Prescribed Burn Statutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Alabama
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Puerto Rico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • South Carolina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Tennessee
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Virgin Islands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Virginia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Arkansas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Florida
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Georgia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Kentucky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Louisana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Mississippi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • North Carolina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Oklahoma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Prescribed Fire and Public Relations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • CollapseSmoke Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • The Need
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • CollapseProblem and Nuisance Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Smoke as a Southern Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Problem Smoke: What is being done to Minimize the Problem?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandSmoke Management Meteorology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Air Pressure and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Lapse Rates and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Atmospheric Stability and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Mixing Height and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Temperature Inversions and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Wind and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Atmospheric Moisture and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Weather Forecasts and Smoke Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Climate and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandReducing and Redistributing Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Techniques to Reduce the Amount of Smoke Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Techniques to Redistribute Smoke Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • The Use and Effectiveness of Emission Reduction and Redistribution Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Smoke Management Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Administration and Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandWildfire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire in Today's South
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Wildfire Mitigation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Fire Control and Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Wildland Fire Rehabilitation and Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Fire Control History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Current Fire Policy's Impact on Fire Control and Suppression In the South
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Current Issues: Fire in the South's Urbanizing Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Wildfire Occurence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • CollapseFire Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandLongleaf Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Community Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire Effects on Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Managing with Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire and Montane Longleaf Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandShortleaf Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Community Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Effects on Shortleaf Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Managing with Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • CollapsePocosins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandDistribution and Composition of Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire vs. Nutrient Availability: Successional Relationships of Peatland Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandFire Regimes of Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Shrubs of Pocosins and Shrub Bogs: Adaptations to Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire Effects in Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Prescribed Fire in Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandPond Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Distribution and Ecological Associates of Pond Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire Effects and Fire Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Pond Pine: Intense Fire Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Prescribed Fire in Pond Pine Cover Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • CollapseShrub bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Distribution and Composition of Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Regimes of Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Effects in Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Prescribed Fire in Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandCanebrakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Distribution and Composition of Canebrakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Ecological Importance of Giant Cane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Effects on Canebrakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Prescribed Fire and Canebrakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandFlorida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Distribution and Composition of Florida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Fire Regime of Florida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Life History Strategies of Florida Scrub Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Effects in Florida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Prescribed Fire in Florida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Research Gaps in Florida Scrub Fire Ecology and Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • CollapseLoblolly Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Distribution, Environment, and Associated Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Historical Vegetation, Land Use, and Fire Regimes of Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Ecology of Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Effects on Forest Health in Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Effects on Water and Soils In Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Prescribed Fire in Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandFreshwater marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Using Prescribed Fire in Freshwater Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Freshwater Marshes: Community Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire Regime of Freshwater Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire Effects in Freshwater Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandMelaleuca Swamps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Prescribed Fire and Melaleuca
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire and Melaleuca Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Regime Changes and Melaleuca
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Melaleuca: Distribution and Ecological Associates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandThe Everglades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Prescribed Fire in the Everglades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Everglades: Location, Extent and Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Everglades: Flora and Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Everglades Fire Regime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire Effects in the Everglades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandTable Mountain Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Community Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Effects on Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Managing with Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandNorthern Hardwoods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Ecosystem Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Effects of Fire Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandSalt and Brackish Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Distribution and Composition of Coastal Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Regime of Coastal Marsh
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Ecology of Coastal Marsh
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire and Coastal Marsh Birds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire Effects on Coastal Marsh Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Prescribed Burning of Coastal Marsh
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire Management of Coastal Marshes: Research Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Isolated Herbaceous Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandXeric Oak-pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire Regimes of Xeric-oak Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Ecology of Pitch and Virginia Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Oaks and Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Using Prescribed Fire in Oak-pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandGrassy and Heath Balds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire Effects on Flora and Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Managing with Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandOak-hickory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Oak-Hickory Forests: Extent and Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire Regimes of Oak Hickory Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Effects and the Effects of Fire Suppression in Oak-Hickory Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Prescribed Fire Use in Oak-hickory Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandCypress Ponds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Distribution and Composition of Cypress Ponds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Regime of Pond Cypress Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire Ecology of Pond Cypress Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Prescribed Fire and Pond Cypress Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandHardwood Hammocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Hardwood Hammocks: Ecosystem Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandFire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Comparison of Fire Regime Classification Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • CollapseFlorida Dry Prairie
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandEcosystem Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Rangeland Uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Regime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Effects on Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandPrescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandOak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Distribution and Composition of Oak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Regime and Other Disturbances in Oak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire Effects on Vegetation and Animals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Decline of Oak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Restoration and Maintenance of Oak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • CollapseSo. Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandUnderstanding Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Global Utilization of Forest Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Current Status of Biomass in the US
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Environmental Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Economic Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Energy Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Promoting Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandSouthern Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • The Southern U. S.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand The Southern Forest
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandManagement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Favorable Stand Attributes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Forest Management and Silviculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandHarvesting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Defining Biomass Feedstock Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Review of Harvesting Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Pre-Processing and Drying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Transportation and Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Cost Factors Affecting Harvesting Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • SRWC Harvesting Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandUtilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Woody Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Biomass Industrial Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Production Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Worldwide Utilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Energy Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandEconomics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Supply of Forest Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Cost Competitiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Community Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Policy Factors and Incentives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Landowner Economics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandSustainability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Framework for Achieving Sustainable Forest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Soil Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Hydrologic Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Biodiversity Values