• CollapseSo. Appalachian
    • ExpandThe Landscape
      • Expand The Physical Landscape
        • Expand The Biological Landscape
          • Expand The Cultural Landscape
          • CollapseResource Management
            • ExpandTimber
              • Acorn Maturity Indices
                • Expand The Timber Industry
                  • Managing the Timber Resource: An Overview
                    • Expand Silvics of Major Species
                      • Expand Silviculture of Oak Stands
                        • Expand Silviculture of Yellow-Poplar Stands
                          • Expand The Silviculture of Degraded Hardwood Stands
                            • Expand Timber Harvesting and Roads
                            • CollapseTerrestrial Wildlife
                              • Why are Wildlife and Wildlife Management Valued?
                              • ExpandWildlife Management
                                • Wildlife Management Agencies in the Southern Appalachians
                                  • People Management
                                    • Species-Specific Management
                                    • ExpandImperiled Species
                                      • Imperiled Birds
                                        • Imperiled Mammals
                                          • Imperiled Reptiles and Amphibians
                                          • ExpandThe Land Manager's Guide to the Birds of the South
                                            • Ducks and Ducklike Birds
                                              • Wading Birds
                                                • Fowl-Like Birds
                                                  • Birds of Prey
                                                    • Nonpasserine Land Birds
                                                      • Passerine (Perching) Birds
                                                      • CollapseThe Land Manager's Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the South
                                                        • ExpandAmphibians (Class Amphibia)
                                                          • Expand Frogs and Toads -- Anurans (Order Anura)
                                                            • Expand Salamanders (Order Caudata)
                                                            • CollapseReptiles (Class Reptilia)
                                                              • ExpandLizards (Order Squatmata; Suborder Lacertilia)
                                                                • Expand Anoles, Fence, Collared, and Horned Lizards (Iguanidae)
                                                                  • Expand Whiptails (Teiidae)
                                                                    • Expand Skinks (Scincidae)
                                                                      • Expand Glass Lizards (Anguidae)
                                                                      • ExpandSnakes (Order Squamata; Suborder Serpentes)
                                                                        • Expand Nonvenomous Snakes (Colubridae)
                                                                          • Coral Snakes (Elapidae)
                                                                            • Expand Pit Vipers (Viperidae; Subfamily Crotalinae)
                                                                            • CollapseTurtles (Order Testudines)
                                                                              • Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)
                                                                              • ExpandSnapping Turtles (Chelydridae)
                                                                                • Common Snapping Turtle
                                                                                • Water and Box Turtles (Emydidae)
                                                                                • Mud and Musk Turtles (Kinosternonidae)
                                                                                • Tortoises (Testudinidae)
                                                                                • CollapseSoftshell Turtles (Trionychidae)
                                                                                  • Spiny Softshell
                                                                          • The Land Manager's Guide to the Mammals of the South
                                                                        • ExpandAquatic Resource Management
                                                                          • Expand Water Supply, Usage, and Flow Regulation
                                                                            • Expand Water Quality
                                                                              • Expand Conservation of Aquatic Biodiversity
                                                                                • Expand Riparian Zone Management for Protection of Aquatic Resources
                                                                                  • Expand Aquatic-Based Recreation
                                                                                  • Recreation
                                                                                  • ExpandNontimber Forest Products
                                                                                    • Expand Product Categories & Product Summaries
                                                                                      • Historical Perspective
                                                                                        • Expand Market Overview
                                                                                          • Expand National and Regional Policies
                                                                                            • Expand Issues that Affect Sustainability
                                                                                              • NTFP References
                                                                                              • ExpandIntrinsic Ecosystem Values
                                                                                                • Expand Old-Growth
                                                                                                  • Expand Wilderness and Roadless Areas
                                                                                                    • Expand Biodiversity
                                                                                                      • Expand Aesthetics
                                                                                                      • ExpandManagement Tools
                                                                                                        • Expand Site Quality Evaluation and Classification
                                                                                                          • Expand Knowledge Management
                                                                                                            • Expand Mathematical Models
                                                                                                              • Expand Decision Support
                                                                                                            • ExpandEcology
                                                                                                              • Expand Disturbance and Succession
                                                                                                                • Biogeochemical Cycling
                                                                                                                  • Expand Aquatic Ecology
                                                                                                                    • Expand Species Ecology
                                                                                                                    • ExpandForest Health
                                                                                                                      • Expand Forest Insects
                                                                                                                        • Expand Nonnative Invasive Species
                                                                                                                          • Expand Air Quality
                                                                                                                          • ExpandSocial Science
                                                                                                                            • Test Page
                                                                                                                              • Play Page2
                                                                                                                            • CollapseEnvironmental Threats
                                                                                                                              • ExpandLand
                                                                                                                                • Expand Wildland Loss
                                                                                                                                  • Expand Soil Quality
                                                                                                                                  • ExpandAir & Water
                                                                                                                                    • Expand Severe Weather
                                                                                                                                    • ExpandFire
                                                                                                                                      • Expand Ignition
                                                                                                                                        • Expand Severity & Spread
                                                                                                                                          • Post-Fire
                                                                                                                                          • ExpandPests/Biota
                                                                                                                                            • Expand Native
                                                                                                                                              • Expand Exotic
                                                                                                                                                • Expand Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                • CollapseCase Studies
                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandCase Study: Spread of Invasive Plants from Roads to River Systems in Alaska
                                                                                                                                                    • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Results
                                                                                                                                                        • Discussion
                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandCase Study: Evaluating Wildland Fire Danger and Prioritizing Treatments
                                                                                                                                                          • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Results
                                                                                                                                                                • Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                  • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandCase Study: Analyzing Risks Using the Human Modification Framework
                                                                                                                                                                    • Overview of Conceptual Frameworks
                                                                                                                                                                      • Objectives
                                                                                                                                                                        • Methods
                                                                                                                                                                          • Results
                                                                                                                                                                            • Conclusion
                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandCase Study: Modeling Species' Climatic Niche Space & Response to Global Warming
                                                                                                                                                                              • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Results
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandCase Study: Evaluating the Vulnerability of Maine Forests to Wind Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Results and Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Conclusion
                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandCase Study: Information Needs, Acceptability of Risk, Trust, and Reliance
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand The Present Study
                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandCase Study: The Experience of Community Residents in a Fire-Prone Ecosystem
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand The Present Study
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • CollapseCase Study: Probabilistic Risk Models for Multiple Disturbances: Insects and Wildfires
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandMethods
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Probability Framework
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • CollapseResults and Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Bark Beetle Infestation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire Size
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandCase Study: Population Genetic Structure and Plant Response to Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Material and Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Summary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • CollapseCase Study: Assessment of Habitat Threats to Shrublands in the Great Basin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • CollapseShrublands at Risk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Status and Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • The Great Basin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandRegional Assessment of Habitats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Species of Concern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Species-habitat Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Identifying Regional Threats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Quantifying Vegetation and Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandWoodland and Cheatgrass Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Model Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Modeling Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandApplication to Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Characterizing Habitat Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Prioritizing Restoration Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Integration of Multiple Stressors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Management Implications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandCase Study: Establishing a Nationwide Baseline of Historical Burn Severity Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Applications for Fire Severity Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandCase Study: Threats to Private Forest Lands in the U.S.A.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Data Layers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandCase Study: A Spatial Model for Predicting Effects of Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • History of the Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Current Impacts of Swiss Needle Cast in PNW Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Understanding the Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandCase Study: Assessment of Oak Wilt Threat to Habitat of the Golden-Cheeked Warbler
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Methods and Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandCase Study: Managing Wildland Fire Risk in Florida
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Wildland Fire Risk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Level of Concern Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Response Accessibility Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Uses and Application in Florida
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandCase Study: Utilizing Remotely Sensed Data & Elementary Analytical Techniques to Examine Storm Damage Modeling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Methodology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandCase Study: An Aquatic Multi-Scale Assessment and Planning Framework Approach
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand The Six-Step Framework Template
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandCase Study: A Landscape Scale Remote Sensing/GIS Tool to Assess Eastern Hemlock Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Objectives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Results and Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandCase Study: Modeling Potential Movements of the Emerald Ash Borer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Results and Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandCase Study: Assessing Insect-Induced Tree Mortality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Assessing Piñon Pine Mortality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandCase Study: Evaluating Impacts of Southern Pine Beetles and Hemlock Woolly Adelgids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Background
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Results and Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Directions for Future Research
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandCase Study: Using Historical Photography to Monitor and Assess Threats over Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Why Photography?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Why Not Photography?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Tools for Getting Historical Photos in GIS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Analysis Options
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Examples
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandCase Study: Assessing Annual Risk of Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks Using Pheromone Traps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Materials and Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Discussion and Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandCase Study: Digital Aerial Sketchmapping and Downlink Communications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Introduction - Aerial Sketchmapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • D-ASM Mapping Software
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • D-ASM Mapping Hardware
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • RIPCom Background
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flight Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • RIPCom 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Summary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandCase Study: Integrating Natural Disturbances and Management Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Results and Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandCase Study: Modeling Current Climate Conditions for Forest Pest Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Importance and Availability of Climate Information
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Phytophthora ramorum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandCase Study: Producing Local, Regional, and National Insect and Disease Risk Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand The Assessment Framework
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Discussion/ Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandCase Study: Uncertainty Estimation for Map-Based Analyses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandCase Study: Assessing Risks to Multiple Resources Affected by Wildfire and Forest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand The CRAFT Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Summary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandCase Study: Moderate Resolution Data and Gradient Nearest Neighbor Imputation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Discussion- Accuracy of GNN Vegetation Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandCase Study: Risk Analysis and Guidelines for Harvest Activities to Minimize Oak Wilt Threat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Risk Analysis Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandCase Study: Previsual Detection of Two Conifer-Infesting Adelgid Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Invasive Adelgids in North American Conifers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Conifer Resistance to Insect Attack
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Spectral Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Implications for Detection and Delineation of Forest Insect Infestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandCase Study: Estimating the Susceptibility to Phytophthora alni Globally
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Results
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandCase Study: Air Pollution Increases Forest Susceptibility to Wildfires, San Bernardino Mountains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Effects of Periodic Drought
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Susceptibility to Successful Bark Beetle Attack
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandAbout Us
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Conference 2006
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Contribute
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • So. Pine Beetle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • CollapseSo. Fire Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • CollapseFire Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • CollapseFuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandFuel Categories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Ground Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Surface Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Ladder Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Canopy Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandPhysical Fuel Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Examples of Southern Fuels with High Surface Area-to-volume Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Methods for Estimating Fuel Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandChemical Fuel Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Heat Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Volatile Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandFuel Moisture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Live Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Dead Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Determining Fuel Moisture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandFuel Availability and Consumption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fuel Consumption Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandFlammability of Southern Plant Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Definition of Flammability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Particle Flammability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Branch- and Plant-level Flammability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • External Factors Affecting Plant Flammability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Comparing Flammability of Southern Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandFire Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Sources of Weather Information for Prescribed Burns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Atmospheric Moisture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Atmospheric Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand General Winds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Convective Winds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Air Masses and Fronts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Clouds and Precipitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Thunderstorms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Fire Climate Regions Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • CollapseFire Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandCombustion and Heat Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand The Fire Triangle and Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Phases of Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Heat Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Fire Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • CollapseFire Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Ground Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Surface Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Crown Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Spotting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandFire Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Shape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Rate of Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandExtreme Fire Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Fire Whirls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Fires and Plumes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Haines Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandFlame Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Flame Height
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Flame Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Flame Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Flame Angle or Tilt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Bark Char Height
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandFire Behavior Prediction Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Limitations of Fire Behavior Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • BEHAVE Plus Fire Modeling System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • FARSITE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Fuel Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandFire Danger Rating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • History of the National Fire Danger Rating System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • CollapseFire Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • CollapseAir Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandAir Quality Regulations and Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • National Ambient Air Quality Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Visibility, Regional Haze, and the Clean Air Act
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand EPA Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Hazardous Air Pollutants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandMagnitude of Fire Contributions to Air Quality Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Smoke from Wildland Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Smoke from Prescribed Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • CollapseCharacterization of Emissions from Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Components of Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Predicting Fire Emissions: Area Burned
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Predicting Fire Emissions: Preburn Fuel Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Predicting Fire Emissions: Fire Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Predicting Fire Emissions: Combustion Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Predicting Fire Emissions: Fuel Consumption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Predicting Fire Emissions: Emission Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Total Emissions, Source Strength, and Heat Release Rate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandTransport, Dispersion, and Modeling of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • The Role of Heat Release in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Model Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • The Role of Plume Rise and Buoyancy in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • The Role of Advection and Diffusion in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • The Role of Scavenging in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • The Role of Chemical Transformations in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Plume Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Puff Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Particle Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Grid Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandAtmospheric and Plume Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Ozone Formation in Plumes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Factors Affecting Plume Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Emission Factors for Reactive Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Particle Formation in Plumes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandEstimating the Air Quality Impacts of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Emission Inventories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Air Quality Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Source Apportionment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandSmoke Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Health Effects of Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Welfare Effects of Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Economic and Social Consequences of Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Smoke and Highway Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandResearch and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Established Research Framework
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Emerging Research Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandWater Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Fire Effects on Stream Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire Effects on Stream Sediments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Effects on Watershed Hydrology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Thermal Effects of Fire on Streams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire and Riparian Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire and Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • CollapseSoil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Soil Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Soil Physical Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandSoil Organic Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Amounts of SOM and Nitrogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Biological and Chemical Properties of SOM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Charcoal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Soil Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandSoil Biota
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Introduction to Soil Biota
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Post-burn Soil Temperature and Moisture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Soil Erosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • CollapseManagement Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandRisk Prediction Tools
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Table: Soil Susceptibility to Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandPlants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Fire Autecology of Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandAnimals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Effects on Fauna- Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Fire Effects on Invertebrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Fire Effects on Aquatic Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire and Fauna: Management and Research Implications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Direct Effects of Fire and Immediate Animal Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Fire Effects on Animal Populations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Effects on Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Effects on Fauna at Landscape Scales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Fire Effects on Wildlife Foods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Fire Effects on Birds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Fire Effects on Mammals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Fire Effects on Reptiles and Amphibians
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandFire Severity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Residence Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Depth of Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Crown Scorch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Composite Burn Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • CollapseFire & People
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandHuman Health Impacts of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Hazard Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire, Human Health, and Air Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Exposure Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Dose-Response Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Risk Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Limitations of Research on Health Effects of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Recreation and Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandEconomic Impacts of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Incentives for wildfire risk management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandFire in the Wildland Urban Interface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Special Issues in Wildland Urban Interface Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Mitigating Fire Hazard in the Wildland Urban Interface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Management Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandFire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Federal Fire Agency Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • State Fire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Interagency Fire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Non-Governmental Fire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Effects of Fire Education Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Obstacles to Implementing Fire Education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • PowerPoint Presentations from the Wildland/Urban Interface Prevention Exchange workshop that was held in Birmingham, Alabama in May 2003
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandA History of People and Fire in the South
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview of the Fire History Section
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Human Use of Fire in Prehistory (12,500 BP to AD 1540s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Human Use of Fire in History (1540s to 1900s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Ethnohistorical Descriptions of Indian Burning Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • The Period of Fire Suppression and Other Fire Regimes (1890s to 1980s)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Management (1940s to Present)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Research Issues in History of Fire and People
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • CollapseKnowledge and Attitudes about Fire Among Southerners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • The Meaning of Knowledge and Attitudes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Tools to Help Managers Understand Public Knowledge and Attitudes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Barriers to Public Support of Fuel Reduction Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Factors Affecting Southerners’ Knowledge and Attitudes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • The Link between Attitudes about Fire and Environmental Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Southerners’ Attitudes About Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Southerners’ Attitudes about Wildfire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Southerners’ Attitudes about Creating Defensible Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Tourism and Perceptions of Fire in the South
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandThe Aesthetics of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • The Meaning of Aesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • National Legislation Related to the Aesthetics of American Landscapes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Planning Tools for Managing Landscape Aesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Using Fire to Manage Aesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire, Aesthetics, and Recreation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • CollapsePrescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandUses of Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Silvicultural Objectives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Hazardous Fuel Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Ecological Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Manage Fire-dependent Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Control Insects And Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Improve Wildlife Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Range Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Enhance Appearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Improve Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandWeather and Fuel Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Wind Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Relative Humidity Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Temperature Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Rainfall and Soil Moisture Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Airmass Stability and Atmospheric Dispersion Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fine-Fuel Moisture Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Topographical Considerations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Sources of Weather Information
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandFiring Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Backing Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Strip-Heading Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Flanking Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Point Source Fires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Aerial Ignition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Center and Circular (Ring) Firing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Pile and Windrow Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • CollapsePlanning and Conducting Prescribed Burns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandPlanning a Prescribed Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • The Written Burn Plan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Preparing for a Prescribed Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Executing a Prescribed Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Evaluating a Prescribed Burn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Prescribed Burning Rules of Thumb
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Red Flag Situations in Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • CollapseState Prescribed Burn Statutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Alabama
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Puerto Rico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • South Carolina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Tennessee
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Virgin Islands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Virginia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Arkansas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Georgia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Kentucky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Louisana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Mississippi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • North Carolina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Oklahoma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Prescribed Fire and Public Relations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • CollapseSmoke Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • The Need
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • CollapseProblem and Nuisance Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Smoke as a Southern Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Problem Smoke: What is being done to Minimize the Problem?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandSmoke Management Meteorology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Air Pressure and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lapse Rates and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Atmospheric Stability and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Mixing Height and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Temperature Inversions and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Wind and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Atmospheric Moisture and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Weather Forecasts and Smoke Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Climate and Smoke
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • CollapseReducing and Redistributing Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • CollapseTechniques to Reduce the Amount of Smoke Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Reduce the Area Burned
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Reduce Fuel Load
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Reduce Fuel Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Reduce Fuel Consumed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Schedule Burning Before New Fuels Appear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Increase Combustion Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Techniques to Redistribute Smoke Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • The Use and Effectiveness of Emission Reduction and Redistribution Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Smoke Management Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Administration and Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandWildfire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire in Today's South
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Wildfire Mitigation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Fire Control and Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Wildland Fire Rehabilitation and Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Fire Control History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Current Fire Policy's Impact on Fire Control and Suppression In the South
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Current Issues: Fire in the South's Urbanizing Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Wildfire Occurence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • CollapseFire Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandLongleaf Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Community Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Effects on Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Managing with Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire and Montane Longleaf Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandShortleaf Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Community Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Effects on Shortleaf Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Managing with Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • CollapsePocosins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandDistribution and Composition of Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire vs. Nutrient Availability: Successional Relationships of Peatland Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandFire Regimes of Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Shrubs of Pocosins and Shrub Bogs: Adaptations to Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire Effects in Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Prescribed Fire in Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandPond Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Distribution and Ecological Associates of Pond Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire Effects and Fire Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Pond Pine: Intense Fire Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Prescribed Fire in Pond Pine Cover Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • CollapseShrub bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Distribution and Composition of Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Regimes of Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Effects in Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Prescribed Fire in Shrub Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandCanebrakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Distribution and Composition of Canebrakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Ecological Importance of Giant Cane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Effects on Canebrakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Prescribed Fire and Canebrakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandFlorida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Distribution and Composition of Florida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Fire Regime of Florida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Life History Strategies of Florida Scrub Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire Effects in Florida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Prescribed Fire in Florida Scrub
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Research Gaps in Florida Scrub Fire Ecology and Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • CollapseLoblolly Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Distribution, Environment, and Associated Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Historical Vegetation, Land Use, and Fire Regimes of Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Ecology of Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Effects on Forest Health in Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Effects on Water and Soils In Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Prescribed Fire in Loblolly Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandFreshwater marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Using Prescribed Fire in Freshwater Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Freshwater Marshes: Community Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Fire Regime of Freshwater Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire Effects in Freshwater Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandMelaleuca Swamps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Prescribed Fire and Melaleuca
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire and Melaleuca Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Regime Changes and Melaleuca
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Melaleuca: Distribution and Ecological Associates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandThe Everglades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Prescribed Fire in the Everglades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Everglades: Location, Extent and Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Everglades: Flora and Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Everglades Fire Regime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire Effects in the Everglades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandTable Mountain Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Community Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Effects on Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Managing with Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandNorthern Hardwoods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Ecosystem Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Effects of Fire Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandSalt and Brackish Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Distribution and Composition of Coastal Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Regime of Coastal Marsh
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fire Ecology of Coastal Marsh
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire and Coastal Marsh Birds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Effects on Coastal Marsh Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Prescribed Burning of Coastal Marsh
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Fire Management of Coastal Marshes: Research Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Isolated Herbaceous Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandXeric Oak-pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire Regimes of Xeric-oak Pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire Ecology of Pitch and Virginia Pine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Oaks and Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Using Prescribed Fire in Oak-pine Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ExpandGrassy and Heath Balds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Historic Fire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Effects on Flora and Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Managing with Prescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandOak-hickory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Oak-Hickory Forests: Extent and Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fire Regimes of Oak Hickory Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Fire Effects and the Effects of Fire Suppression in Oak-Hickory Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Prescribed Fire Use in Oak-hickory Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandCypress Ponds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Distribution and Composition of Cypress Ponds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Regime of Pond Cypress Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Ecology of Pond Cypress Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Prescribed Fire and Pond Cypress Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandHardwood Hammocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Hardwood Hammocks: Ecosystem Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandFire Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Comparison of Fire Regime Classification Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • CollapseFlorida Dry Prairie
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • ExpandEcosystem Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Rangeland Uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Regime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Fire Effects on Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandPrescribed Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Mechanical Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandOak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Distribution and Composition of Oak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fire Regime and Other Disturbances in Oak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Fire Effects on Vegetation and Animals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Decline of Oak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Restoration and Maintenance of Oak Savannas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • CollapseSo. Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandUnderstanding Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Global Utilization of Forest Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Current Status of Biomass in the US
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Environmental Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Economic Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Energy Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Promoting Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • ExpandSouthern Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • The Southern U. S.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand The Southern Forest
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • ExpandManagement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Favorable Stand Attributes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Forest Management and Silviculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • ExpandHarvesting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Defining Biomass Feedstock Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Review of Harvesting Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Pre-Processing and Drying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Transportation and Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Cost Factors Affecting Harvesting Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • SRWC Harvesting Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • ExpandUtilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Woody Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Expand Biomass Industrial Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Production Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Worldwide Utilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Energy Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ExpandEconomics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Supply of Forest Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Expand Cost Competitiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Expand Community Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Expand Policy Factors and Incentives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Landowner Economics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • ExpandSustainability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Expand Framework for Achieving Sustainable Forest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Expand Soil Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Expand Hydrologic Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Expand Biodiversity Values